Merchant of Venice †a Tragedy or Comedy Essay

* â€Å"The sad inclination is summoned in us when we are within the sight of a character who is prepared to set out his life, if need be, to make sure about a certain something, his feeling of individual dignity† †Arthur Miller * Leading up to Shylock’s preliminary he experiences a great deal of battle concerning his bond with Antonio where. Antonio misleads Shylock when he doesn’t pay him and breaks the condition of the bond (pound of substance). * Shylock Simultaneously Shylock loses his girl, whom he cherishes without question, to a Christian man. Shylock was double-crossed by his little girl and misdirected by Antonio and the remainder of the Christians. * I would my little girl were dead at my feet, and gems in her ear! Would she were hearsed at my foot, and the ducats in her final resting place! * Therefore it is awful when Shylock is deprived of his cash and compelled to change over religion. Against every one of his battles he was simply leading his method of business and needs to endure to such an extent. * This story is likewise shocking for the Jewish people group: * They were ridiculed and hated by the Christians and saw as â€Å"different† from others (character and physical qualities) * They had to live all together in a different piece of the city known as â€Å"ghettos† * When they left the â€Å"ghettos† and went to various zones among Christians they needed to wear red caps (this is an indication of the isolation of religions) * They couldn't take part in some other occupations with the exception of product. This is the reason the Jews were generally known as ‘usurers’. * Revenge is a topic of catastrophe * Revenge is dim and disdainful and especially in this play Shylock is overcome with it. * He needs vengeance with his little girl since he feels sold out and hard one by. She defied him and their religion and took cash from him. * He is overwhelmed by vengeance towards Antonio and his Christian companions on account of the way Antonio beguiled him where he didn't take care of his bond and the manner in which the Christian companions derided him. This was underscored in his renowned monolog â€Å"hath not a Jew eyes† where he portrays the manner in which he is dealt with. * The manner in which the executive embodies the characters * In many versions of the play, particularly in the most current film, the primary characters (Bassanio, Antonio and Shylock) are intense characters and this adds to the lamentable mind-set of the play * When managing issues these characters don't appear to be in a carefree or cheerful disposition, they are increasingly dull and genuine. * At the time terrible characters must be extremely static and weren’t flexible and this is clear, generally in the characters of Antonio, Bassanio and Shylock.

Leonardo da Vincis The Last Supper Essays -- Art Painting Religion Es

Leonardo's Last Supper is a precious bit of workmanship with much shrouded meaning and evident gifts gave to a divider. Under the investigation of Verrocchio as a painter and a stone carver, he had the option to utilize his abilities in making a point by point and an exceptionally naturalistic bit of work that would be associated with several years. He was additionally ready to make characters with astonishing singularity. Not exclusively was his depiction of the characters sublime, yet the imagery he utilized which stressed the story being told in the Last Supper. Lodovico Sforza picked Leonardo to make The Last Supper in the refectory of the Dominican Church of S. Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The Abate of the S. Maria delle Grazie saw Leonardo work from morning until night on The Last Supper without eating. Despite the fact that, there were times he would quit painting for a considerable length of time at once; or, he would deal with a particular character for only a couple of seconds and afterward leave to keep chipping away at it later. He took a shot at it from 1495 through 1498 (Strauss, 27). Before Leonardo started painting the real representation, he put down a substance which was assume to assimilate the tempora and shield the tempora from the dampness on the divider. Sadly, the substance was demonstrated fruitless, and by 1517 it started to break down. In May 1556 a painter Giovanni Batista Armenini said that the composition was ‘so seriously influenced that nothing is obvious except for a mass of blots'(Heydenreich, 18). The work of art has kept on rotting in the next hundreds of years. It was additionally harmed by reclamations made via thoughtless specialists and by the option of an entryway put in the lower some portion of the canvas. However even right up 'til the present time his artistic creation The Last Supper is generally known and visited by numerous sightseers every year. ... ...ical development and mental feeling by the interruption between two extraordinary feelings which are the immediately solidifying at an outrageous purpose of fervor and at the ghastliness of being frightened out of quietness (Heydenreich, 67). The canvas depicts both articulation and feeling. This blend supplements one another. The articulations permit the watchers to see the feelings the characters are feeling. Their solidified development permits one to see they are human. We can see both their outward and internal responses. It seems as though Leonardo had been there, and he had snapped a photo of the sublime dinner. He certainly cultivated his objective in depicting his Last Supper as a practical bit of craftsmanship. The imagery, the individualized characters of the characters, and the abilities, for example, the light point of view and spacial viewpoint mixed together to fo!rm a photo like artistic creation.

Crimes and Misdemeanors analysis essay

Crimes and Misdemeanors analysis essay Crimes and Misdemeanors: morality of five characters In the film Crimes and Misdemeanors, Woody Allen shows us five different men with their own systems of ethics. We meet an ophthalmologist Judah Rosenthal, filmographer Clifford Stern, philosopher Louis Levy, producer Lester, and rabbi Ben who is about to lose his sight. During watching, we can see each of them acting in according with their ethical views. The first character we meet is rich and successful Judah Rosenthal who works as an ophthalmologist and lives in peace and harmony with his beloved wife. But this man is worried about his scandalous affair with a woman Dolores that happened a few years ago. He appears in a weird situation when Dolores starts to blackmail him; a woman wants to force Judah to fulfill everything she wishes. So, Mr. Rosenthal understands he needs to make a choice â€" he may let Dolores tell people about their affair, and his life would be destroyed, or he could neutralize a persistent woman and continue his happy life. Finally, Judah comes to the decision that killing Dolores is the most optimal way to solve his problems. He cant just tell his wife everything and beg for her forgiveness, so he decides to kill his ex-lover. Judah thinks he lives in a cold world without God presence, so he needs to make justice himself. Somewhere deep inside Judah worries about his decision because he understands killing a human is not the same thing as to kill a fly, but he tries to defend himself that he needs to protect his own success most of all. Ben plays a small but significant role in the film. He supposes that the entire Universe has its moral structure. Its not hard for the rabbi to make decisions because he trusts God and he knows that his future depends on Gods will. Ben is almost blind physically, and this fact brings some symbolism into the film â€" the man trusts his beliefs blindly and deny darkness and evil of the world. Clifford Stern is a person that always is looking for sense in his own life and in films he creates. He lives in his own world of wrong and right terms and observes how his own actions affect the world. This man creates films based in subjects that seems very important for him. Clifford separates everything to right and wrong, so its possible to say hes an idealist. He is a married man but he lives with affection for another woman, Halley Reed. The man doesnt think this is immoral thing because he somehow believes his marriage is doomed and he also knows he wants to find a real love of his life. Stern makes a biographical documentary about Lester where he was showed ridiculous and odd, though it could bring to Clifford success. As for Lester, he thinks those things that bring him something good are right, and those things that make him feel bad, are wrong. He allows himself to do anything he wants to do, ignoring morality. This man doesnt care about morality, he is just ready to accept anything that brings him happiness and joy. He cares only about his success, wealth, and glory. Its obviously that Lester is a haughty and rough character of the film. The philosopher Louis Levy is a person that has his own ethical system: according to his theory, life is just a search of everything that a person needs to survive. Levy supposes that only love can bring a sense to human life. He also thinks that if a person cant find their love, there is no point to live at all. We see that Louis views led him to commit suicide. We can observe these characters and analyze their ethical systems and see why they came to this or that point. Its possible to find reasons of people behavior trough their morality and individual features.

Effects Of Alcohol And Academic Achievement - 2319 Words

Introduction Overview University students are synonymous with drinking and testing their limits. Maybe it’s some kind of rite of passage or merely peer pressure but when you consider the average age of students these days it hard to gain some kind of perspective. According to the most recently available data, the median age of college students is 21.6 years, while for university students; the median age is 22.8 years (see Appendix A). (Dale, 2012) The question needs to be asked; why young adults of this age find it necessary to binge drink and also what the effects of this is on their academic achievement. According to the research conducted for this report, there is most definitely a connection between Alcohol and Academic achievement and based on the websites studied there are three areas where alcohol affects student’s grades: Firstly, drinking excessively has a negative effect on class attendance and therefore leads to the students falling behind in their studies. Secondly, the amount of time and the quality of time spent on studying is negatively affected by alcohol use. Thirdly, there is a direct inverse relationship between drinking and grades. Studies have shown that the majority of students who are at risk of failing admitted they fell into the heavy drinking category. Please refer to Appendix B for a complete explanation of these three areas. This report will look at the culture of drinking at University, the reasons students give for drinking, health relatedShow MoreRelatedPrenatal Alcohol Exposure And Ability, Academic Achievement, And School Functioning Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesIn the study titled Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Ability, Academic Achievement, and School Functioning in Adolescence: A Longitudinal Follow- Up, there is a study conducted in order to show the correlation of academic problems to prenatal alcohol exposure, in which some of the children in the study had fetal alcohol syndrome and others did not. The main theory is that â€Å"Prenatal exposure to alcohol is associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) as well as other alcohol- related neurodevelopmentalRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Its Effect On Education1348 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and its Effect on Education Drug abuse is a serious public health problem that affects almost every community and family in some way. Each year drug abuse causes millions of serious illnesses or injuries among Americans. A study done in John Hopkins University School of Medicine, found that individuals who are unemployed have higher rates of substance abuse than those who are regularly employed. Five hundred and fifty nine participants, who were unemployed, at least eighteen yearsRead MoreThe Link Between Social Interactions Among Peers And School And Academic Outcomes For Over 40 Years Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagessocial interactions among peers in school and academic outcomes for over 40 years (Coleman, 1961). Children are categorized by the people they associate with. Understanding the way social interactions affect academic achievement is important. Major issue in the literature on peer pressure quality special mention are: cultural patterns penalizing academic achievement and changes in the effect of pe ers over time. Academics argue that peer pressure effects become important during adolescence (SteinbergRead MoreGeneral Organizational Statistics Of Kappa1163 Words   |  5 Pagescolonization. ï‚ § Kappa has a 95 percent retention rate of those who become members. ï‚ § Thirty-seven Kappa chapters had a 100 percent retention rate in 2015–2016. 5. Copy of the inter/national organization’s risk management policy including hazing, alcohol and substance abuse, and health education Our members’ safety is our top priority. Chapters and individual members are held to high standards and are expected to do their part to contribute to a safe campus and Greek-letter community. 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Although Marci drinks four or more alcoholic beverages three to four times a week, and binges on weekends she is in the pre-contemplation stage of change. The case study does not mention the length of her alcohol use, although her parents incorporated drinking wine when she was thirteen. Furthermore, the case study statesRead MoreStudent Athletes For The University Of Ohio912 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity (Tracy 1). Student athletes start to show poor academic achievement when they consume a lot of time in their sports and often forget about their role of being a student. For instance, when students are not able to complete their school assignments during the day they decide to study late and do not sleep the necessary hours they need in order for their bodies to function and their brains to focus. In this case, the poor achievement in students is notable because they do not per form wellRead MoreSports Enthusiasts Love And Enjoy Watching Their Favorite Team Play1335 Words   |  6 PagesHaving a poor academic achievement, consuming drugs and steroids, and living with stress. First of all, college athletes are not getting paid for playing at universities. Many universities believe that students who receive athletic scholarships do not need any financial support because throughout these scholarships, students-athletes are able to receive the academic support programs they deserve as well as covering paid tuition. This benefit student athletes because they receive academic support, butRead MoreEducation Is A National Movement And Students Reading Level Fluency, And Academic Achievement As A Whole873 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween Character Education Development and students’ reading level fluency, and academic achievement as a whole. Character education programs emphasize consequences for choices, and support good decision making skills and high moral and ethical character. â€Å"Our research suggests that school goals and activities that are associated with good character education programs are also associated with academic achievement.† ( Benninga, Berkowitz, Keuhn, and Smith, 2006) This is not only relevant, and couldRead MoreEssay On Suboptimal Health Status1451 Words   |  6 Pages, 2017). Additionally, in another study including male and female Chinese adults, a correlation was found between lifestyle factors and subhealth (Li, Xie, Yan, Hu, Jin, Wang, Xie, 2013). Physical activity levels, nutritional intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, and quality of sleep were factors used in the calculation of a lifestyle risk score (Li et al., 2013). The score ranged from 0 to 5 with greater scores indicating an unhealthy lifestyle (Li et al., 2013). A higher lifestyle risk score

Karl Marx And Sigmund Freud Essay - 1476 Words

Among the most controversial figures of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. The rhetoric of the first of these men, Karl Marx, both inspired revolutions in China, Russia, and Cuba, as well as led to his expulsion from Germany, France and Belgium. As for Freud, Yale history professor Peter Gay notes in his biography of the psychologist: â€Å"[He] has been called a genius, founder, master, a giant among the makers of the modern mind, and, no less emphatically, autocrat, plagiarist, fabulist, the most consummate of charlatans.† (xvi). Though Marx is perhaps best described as a political theorist and Freud a psychologist, there is a great deal of overlap in the work of the two intellectuals. Most importantly, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx shared a fervent dissatisfaction with society and its oppressive mechanisms. Yet the source of this oppression was not a point of agreement among the two thinkers. Where Marx advocated class struggle and bourgeois domination as the main obstacles to a harmonious, peaceful society, Freud contended that the fundamental barrier to such a society is human nature itself, which, in his opinion, consists of a constant struggle between a desire for pleasure and the constraints of reality; while Marx believed that Communism could bring about societal contentment, Freud held that the pleasure which man derives from aggressiveness precludes the possibility of collective peace and, concurrently, the restraint withShow MoreRelatedHuman Nature And Four Types Of Determinism1551 Words   |  7 Pagesthe works of Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Fredrick Hegel, B. F. Skinner, Charles Darwin, and David Eagleman, it becomes clear that humans are mainly influenced through social determinism, human evolution, and neurology, but evolutionary determinism has the most impact on human nature. Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Fredrick Hegel, B. F. Skinner, Charles Darwin, and David Eagleman were all men who were inte rested in what particular part of a human beings life is determined for them. Sigmund Freud, born in 1856Read MoreA Comparison Of Faith And The Future Of Religion1539 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is widely disputed. Comparison of Sigmund Freud’s The Future of an Illusion and Paul Tillich’s Dynamics of Faith, fully displays the discrepancies in points of view on the function of faith, as well as the necessity of faith, in society; while the comparison of Viktor E. Frankl’s Man’s Search for Meaning and Karl Marx’s â€Å"on the Future of Religion,† demonstrate both similarities and differences on the purpose of faith. In order to understand how both Freud and Tillich would respond to each otherRead MoreThe Differences Between Extrinsic And Intrinsic Religious Expression854 Words   |  4 PagesJames’ is more interested in the self-surrender type of conversion. Extrinsic and intrinsic religious expression is related to James’s notion of conversion because James believes God is found in more inner personal experiences making it intrinsic. 2. Marx: religious suffering, â€Å"opium of the people†, â€Å"the heart of a heartless world,† Religion is a necessity for the poor to cope day to day, also believed Religion was used to control people. Religion is an evil that existed in society. Nietzsche: GodRead MoreEssay on The Goal of Functionalism in Religion1748 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, and Karl Marx were all functionalist who developed theories as to why religion was such a major part of their society. Their views are very different from the two theorists E.B. Tylor and James Frazer, as they believed humans were using religion to try and explain the unknowns in the world. Though all three of the men took a fundamentalist approach to religion, their theories to explain religion have some major differences between them. Sigmund Freud, who isRead MoreMarx, Mill And Freud s Critique Of Political Economy And The Communist Manifesto Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pagessometimes merely implicit) notions of freedom and unfreedom we find in the texts we have read by Marx, Mill and Freud. Use the esoteric traditions we have examined thus far (from the Book of Job to Plato) as a comparative yardstick, or point of reference, but without letting th em take over the foreground in your paper -- the latter should be reserved for these three figures. Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and John Stuart Mill are three authors who tackle the topic of freedom in unique ways, but theirRead MoreFight Club By Chuck Palahniuk1442 Words   |  6 PagesMarxism is based on the concepts of Karl Marx’s theories that focuses on class relations and social conflict. On the other hand, psychoanalytic criticism stems from Sigmund Freud’s theories of psychology. The novel is best interpreted from a Marxist point of view because Palahniuk uses Fight Club as a means of expressing his opinion regarding capitalism as a whole. Karl Marx was a German philosopher and revolutionary socialist from Prussia who lived from 1818-1883. Marx was a firm believer that economicsRead MoreSocial Determinism And Its Impact On Society Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pagessubconsciously. Social determinism has distinctly shaped mankind over time with a high degree of influence on our minds. 1. Historical Determinism Fredrick Hegel’s philosophy initially defined historical determinism and strongly influenced Germany and Karl Marx. Hegel is highly recognized for his ideas of Geist and human progression over generations with raised consciousness (Twelve Theories). With this view, he saw that throughout history humans had advanced mentally and culturally to reach full developmentRead More Freud Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesManifesto, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels present their view of human nature and the effect that the economic system and economic factors have on it. Marx and Engels discuss human nature in the context of the economic factors which they see as driving history. Freud, in Civilization and Its Discontents, explores human nature through his psychological view of the human mind. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marx states that history quot;...is the history of class strugglesquot; (9). Marx views historyRead MoreModernism Vs. Modernist Modernism1335 Words   |  6 Pagesnoteworthy thinkers such as Karl Marx and Sigmeud Freud played important roles in this time. Therefore, we discussed some of their more important works in class. For instance, you cannot study Marx thought without mentioning The Communist Manifesto. Similarly, Freud cannot be mentioned without his Outline of Psychoanalysis. Marx and Freud, after World War I, began to question the rationality of mankind. The difference being Marx focused primarily on political issues and Freud on psychology. Still,Read MoreAn Analysis of Cultural Influences in the 19th and 20th Centuries734 Words   |  3 Pagesphilosophical influences in that time period, Marx, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, and Dostoevsky each represents a decisively different view of history than the view of history previously dominant in Western culture. This paper will discuss the historical and cultural events surrounding these five thinkers and show how they shaped, concurrently with scientific developments, the course of human thought in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Karl Marx, for instance, reacted powerfully against Hegels

Life in a Hostel Free Essays

The life in a hostel is different from that of the home. At home, sometimes it becomes different to frame suitable timetable of studies. There may be relatives or guests visiting frequently and making the atmosphere of home quite unfit for serious studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Life in a Hostel or any similar topic only for you Order Now In such situation hostel-life seems to be boon for a student. Far from his/her home, he/she finds all facilities that are essential for sound studies in a hostel. Hence, hostel life is welcomed by most of the students. Hostel life is regular and helpful to study. Hostel is a place where students are given proper environment for all round development resulting in good careers. Here they find safety against many social evils. Living in a hostel students have to follow its general rules and regulations which are meant to make their life regular and punctual, the basic needs of success. They are taught to be self dependent; also they are given guidelines so that they may prove themselves worthy citizens of the nation. In schools, more emphasis is given on text books and the students are kept busy in completing homework in different subjects. In hostel too text books are taught with great care but at the same time, the students are given education on morality, responsibility and other basic norms of human life. In a hostel, a student comes in contact with a number of other students. He acquires many good qualities from them. When a student sees his next door neighbour daily taking morning exercise, he also gets inspired and starts doing the same. One good student becomes an example for other hostellers’. Thus a good environment is created where the hostellers’ sole aim becomes to devote their time to useful activities, in which studies comes at the top. Hostel life makes the students competitive. They do hard labour in company of their room-partners and accordingly dream for bright future. At times they help the weak students in their studies. They support each other by sharing their joys and sorrows. Thus, hostel life not only develops the spirit of healthy competition, but also teaches the lesson of mutual cooperation. But hostel life has many drawbacks. Students coming for the first time to a hostel, find entirely new atmosphere. Sometimes they misuse the freedom, they get in the hostel. They begin to smoke and at times, even to drink. Studies become secondary for them. Such students must not be sent to hostels. Instead they should live under parental care. Overall hostel life is a boon and a bane-both at the same time. It is a boon for those students who take advantage of it and make their life successful. On the other hand it is a bane for those who fail to realize the, very purpose of hostel life and spoil their future. How to cite Life in a Hostel, Essay examples

Michelangelo Buonarroti Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Michelangelo Buonarroti Argumentative Essay The greatest artist has no conception which a single block of marble does not potentially contain within its mass, but only a hand obedient to the mind can penetrate to this image. ~ Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo describes in the above quote what it is like to carve a likeness of a person out of a large block of marble. As we know from seeing his work, he did an excellent job with this task. Bernini did just as fine a job on his, but in a much different way as you will see in the following pages. Michelangelo Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475, in Caprese, Italy, a tiny village, owned by the nearby city-state of Florence. His father was the mayor. He attended school in Florence, but he was preoccupied by art. When he was 13, his father agreed to apprentice him to some well-known painters in Florence. Michelangelo was unsatisfied with these artists, because they would not teach him their artistic secrets. He went to work under another sculptor hired by Lorenzo de Medici. When Michelangelo was 21, he went to Rome, where he was commissioned to carve a group of marble statues showing the Virgin Mary supporting the dead Christ on her knees. His sculpture was called Madonna Della Pieta, and it made Michelangelo famous. A few years later, in 1501, he accepted a commission for a statue of David. He took on the challenge of carving this beautiful work out of a huge oblong chunk of pure white unflawed Carrara marble à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" some 18 feet high and weighing several tons that had been badly block out and then abandoned by an earlier sculptor Coughlan 85. This piece had always fascinated Michelangelo, but neither he, nor anyone else, could think of what to carve from it, until now Coughlan 85. Thus began a new era in art, the High Renaissance. He began carving this statue for the city of Florence. It would become a symbol of this city, a city willing to take on all comers in defense of its liberty Coughlan 91. The statue acquired this meaning by the way Michelangelo depicted this biblical character. Instead of presenting us with the winner of the battle, with the giants head at his feet and a sword in his hand like Donatello did many years before, he portrays David right before the battle begins. David is in the moment where his people are hesitating and Goliath is mocking him. He is placed in perfect contrapusto; in the same manner the Greeks represented their heroes Heusinger 17. The right-hand side of the figure is composed, while the left side, from the outstretched foot all the way up to the disheveled hair, is openly active and dynamic Heusinger 18. Frederick Hartt does an excellent job of describing the essence of the statue: Throughout the statue, but especially in the head, the conflict between line and formà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is intensified and deepened. The features are more deeply undercut than in any of the earlier works, possibly because of the height from which the statue was originally intended to be seen. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The enormous eyes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦seem at once liquid and fiery. The flat planes joining at determined angles underlie all the construction of the David, not only in the squared-off masses of the features but throughout the knotty, bony, sinewy, half- developed, and unprecedentedly beautiful torso and legs. For the first time Michelangelo is able to embody in the quality of a single human body all the passionate drama of a mans inner nature. The sinews of the neck seem to tense and relax, the veins of the neck, hands and wrists to fill, the nostrils to pinch, the belly muscles to contract and the chest to lift with the intake of breath, the nipples to shrink and erect, the whole proud being to quiver like a war horse that smells the battle. But the nature of the battle there is no indication whatever; it is eternal and in every man Hartt 112. Once the statue was completed, a committee of citizens and artists convened to decide where the statue should be placed. Caravaggio, Death Of St. Matthew EssayThe tension of the twisted body shows the force that David is ready to release. His foot grips the base of the statue to withstand the strain in the body. The action has reached that moment when the stone is about to be released. It is a marvel of dramatic action frozen in stone. The unruly hair, the knitted brow, and above all the clenched mouth indicate one of those moments when the complete physical and psychic resources of the will are summoned to extraordinary effort Stokstad 759. The viewer becomes physically involved with the action of the statue. Davids eyes sight past us. The viewers space is his and will soon be the stones. The split second of time captured in the marble demands a single, clear point of view Janson 556. By the time the David was finished, early in 1624, Bernini no longer had time for private commissions. The David, consequently, marks a real break in Berninis life. Berninis unification of real and artistic space stands at the center of most of the Baroque art in the following years. In some ways, the whole history of Berninis artistic journey can be seen as the unfolding of this idea, with ever-richer meanings and more powerful physical environments. A new unison of the arts emerged and the David stands at the beginning of this period Berninidavid. Comparison of the Two Davids Although both of the above artists chose the same subject matter, there are many differences between their sculptures. The first difference is the moment the artist chose to represent. Michelangelo chose the moment just before the start of the battle. His David is thinking about what he is about to do. Bernini on the other hand, chose the split second before David launches the stone from his sling. By choosing this moment, Bernini has created a dramatic representation of an event frozen in time, suggesting the next series of events, the release of the stone and the death of Goliath. His figure is bursting with the same energy that Michelangelo had stored in his figure. Berninis figure implies another figure in our space, Goliath. David no longer a thing to look at in his own space, but is now in the viewers space. He has actively involved the viewer in the sculpture itself, like we have seen before in Hellenistic sculpture. Michelangelo introduced a new tension in his huge figure of David by showing him shortly before the battle, but no sculptor had ever tried to show the actual moment of the shot the way Bernini did. Within two hundred years of each other, four completely different statues of David appeared in Italy and all are great works in their own way. Donatellos came first, then Verrocchios, followed by Michelangelos, and finally that of Bernini. The four sculptors had completely different objectives. Only Bernini was interested in showing the actual action of the slaying of Goliath. Of the four statues, I think Berninis is the most dramatic and the most realistic. I think that is exactly what Bernini wanted to achieve. I also love Michelangelos David for other reasons. It is perfect in form, as is was meant to be, which makes the viewer believe that this is just a boy, even though he is seventeen feet tall. I believe both artists got their point across very well in embodying the artistic ideals at the time of their work. I also think they each did a wonderful job of telling a story that will live on forever, just as their names and sculptures will.

Heineken A Company and a Brand

Introduction Marketing involves many areas that include selling, advertising, packaging, transporting, marketing research and much more. A business organization must sell products to survive and to grow. The marketing concept states that an organization should try to provide products that satisfy customers’ needs through a coordinated set of activities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heineken: A Company and a Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The major aim of the marketing concept is customer satisfaction. An organization must continue to alter, adapt and develop products in order to satisfy customer preferences. (Jobber Lancaster, 2003, p. 15) Organizations in the age of globalization encounter innovations and change and have to adjust with these challenges. One of these challenges includes localization or standardization. Marketing has to be in consonance with these market forces. Heineken is a br and that carries the name of the company Heineken. Its history traces a family tradition of brewing beer. Heineken is a global firm and has been considered the world’s third largest beer-producing firm. The brands speak for itself: Heineken and Amstel beers are popular in the Netherlands and many countries throughout the world. (Koller et al., 2010, p. 637) Concepts of marketing, including marketing mix and its various variables, are linked to Heineken. This is a primary objective of this essay. The Brand and Logo The Brand A brand is a name of a product which makes purchasing easier. When a customer buys a product, he looks for the brand since there are many brands in the market that compete with each other. Popular brands easily sell to customers, and customers are mostly loyal to the brand (or brand loyal). When loyalty is attained, there is trust. A brand becomes a status or a ‘badge’ when it is in the market for a longer period of time. A company can build a long-lasting relationship with a customer through the brand it has developed. Retail brands, on the other hand, are sometimes linked with store loyalty which makes retailers develop relationships with their customers. (Lancaster and Massingham, 2011, p. 319)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Logo A logo is not necessarily a communication tool but it can be very effective in motivating consumer perception. Logos and colours are symbols of what a company stands for. A logo is like the flag of a company; it has to be very visible and personalized with a heart in order to create a lasting effect on the people, especially the customers. Logos are identified to represent a customer-driven organization and designed to bridge the gap between organization and people so that communication is improved. Logos can be emotional or personal like that of Apple. This can help in making ad vertising and public relations program effective because of the meaning attached to it. (Gobà ©, 2009) Example of a logo: The Blinking Eye The above picture shows a logo which is about the eye or something like an eye blink which has very little meaning. Some examples of competitive logos are those of ATT, Nike, Apple Inc., and MTV. Examples of competitive brand logos that represent popular brands are shown in the figure above.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heineken: A Company and a Brand specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All the four logos in this figure represent a powerful brand but for purposes of comparison, we can compare the ‘Blinking eye’ logo with ATT. The two have distinction characteristics which can be enumerated in the table below. Brands and logos belong to large and successful companies, but not all large companies have effective brands and logos. There are other which have lousy appeal, and success may not easily attained for that these types of companies. Another important fact about a logo is that if it has many copycats, it is time it has to be changed to save the company and its name. For example, the beer brand De Beers has so many copycats, such as De Beers Diamond, or De Beers Jewelry that it is not clear anymore who is the original one. Marketing Marketing comes from the root word ‘marcatus’ that means merchandise or where people indulge in business transactions. Marketing involves people and place where buying and selling are the major activities. Marketing was once a subject in management but now it has become a major focus of studies and researches because of its relevance to the existence of a business. Plainly speaking, marketing refers to activities of a marketer or manager. But there are many underlying concepts and factors to make marketing effective. Marketing is perfectly defined by the role it has in the firm or enterprise: ‘it is the process via which a firm creates value for its chosen customers’ (Silk, 2006, p. 3). A firm has to meet the needs of its customers and has to sell products which provide benefits to the customers.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy can be likened to a recipe. The ingredients are the marketing functions. Different marketing strategies require differing blends of functional ingredients. If a minor ingredient is miscalculated or forgotten, a recipe may not be successful. The same is true of marketing strategy where all functional ingredients depend on each other for success. (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2002, p. 14) The Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a conceptual framework that keeps marketing effective. There are different approaches to the marketing mix, e.g. the 4Ps, 5Ps or even the 7Ps. Marketing variables are of two groups: The offering which consists of the product, packaging, service, brand and price; and The methods or tools, which consist of the distribution channels, personal selling, advertising and promotion. (Albert Frey, 1961 cited in Smith and Taylor, 2004, p. 7) These variables combine to become building blocks of a marketing programme. The manager has contr ol over these variables and he/she bases organizational decisions on them, although there are factors to be considered such as the customers, competition and other external uncontrollable factors. Marketing Mix is composed of marketing tools that target customers. The marketing mix is composed of controllable variables which can be changed or altered, although with certain limits. Prices cannot be changed outright because of government control or regulation. A product’s size, colour, and design cannot be changed right away because of the costs in introducing the changes; therefore, a product’s characteristics cannot be changed very often. Promotion campaigns also cannot be changed overnight, while people in the company need training and development and cannot be sacked without due process. Marketing managers must develop a strategy for all the mix variables that matches with the customers’ needs. In doing so, vast information about the target market have to be c ollected so that those needs can be pinpointed and addressed. Product This includes design, packaging, display, brand characteristics. There are many types of products which can be favourable or unfavourable and can be in the form of an idea, or good or service. A good can be tangible physical object like a box of candies or electronic gadget. Example of service includes delivery of goods, or care delivery to adults with physical impairment. The product variable deals with researching information about consumers’ needs and wants. The design of the product will depend on the consumers’ product wants. Sometimes a product will have to be altered according to the customers’ changing preferences. There are some classifications of products, and these are consumer products which are available to satisfy people, and products which are made for industries or companies known as industrial products (business-to-business products). (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2002, p. 25) Cons umer products that are popular in the market are those which consumers want the most. The products are based on consumers want and their characteristics are determined through surveys and researches by private companies doing surveys. Consumer products are divided into four types: ‘convenience, shopping, specialty and unsought products’. (Jobber and Lancaster, 2003, p. 243) Convenience products include bread or soft drinks. These are inexpensive products bought with little time planning by the customer. The brand is not so much important in buying convenience products, although sometimes they are important and being considered by meticulous customers. Convenience products are sold by retail outlets and small stores. Shopping products are products bought by customers with planning. Customers look at the stores and brands, including how prices and other features fare in the market. A marketer usually requires few retail outlets in selling shopping products. These products are purchased less frequently and therefore there is lower inventory but have higher gross sales. Shopping products include appliances and furniture, electronic gadgets, and much more. (Jobber and Lancaster, 243) Speciality products have unique characteristics and they are prepared by a significant group of buyers who, before doing the purchase, initially plan the purchase. An example is painting by a well-renowned painter or a Cartier watch. Buyers are not concerned with who is selling but the most important thing is there is an outlet selling the product. Unsought products are those which require aggressive selling. Examples of unsought products are encyclopaedias or life insurance. The sales person takes his selling prowess by trying to convince of the benefits derived from buying the products. (Jobber and Lancaster, 2003, p. 245) Price The price customers are prepared to pay determines the level of demand for a product or service which affects the progress of the marketing comp any and the company’s competitive position in the market place. Price levels have far reaching implications for the national economy. They influence wages, interest rates and government policy. (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2002, p. 28) Price is not the only factor that affects demand, although in some situations companies have achieved similar levels of service, product quality and promotional support and it has become the major element of product differentiation. However, such companies have usually made major marketing efforts to reach such a state of similarity. (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2002, p. 28) Promotion – Advertising, sales promotion, personal selling The promotion’s role in a company varies according to the type of company and the product they sell. The prime objective of promotion is to communicate with people and organizations with the aim of persuading to accept or buy the products of a company. Most companies hire television or movie personalities to i ndorse their products. Tiger Woods, for example, is an effective endorser of sports products like golf paraphernalia. NBA stars are hired by firms to communicate the benefits of using some brands. Sometimes, a marketing strategy is based on promotion, that is why in most consumer markets, promotion is afforded the highest budget allocation among the other marketing mix elements. (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2002, p. 29) The attractiveness of marketing opportunities is determined by market factors, such as size and growth rate, as well as competitive, financial, economic, technological, social, ecological, legal and political factors. (Jobber and Lancaster, 2003, p. 658) Advertising is a type of communication where a company pays a mass medium (e.g. television, radio, newspapers, or a website) to transmit a message about the company’s products. Advertising is used to promote products, services, or ideas. The emergence and popularity of the Internet has provided firms and organizat ions to introduce and promote their products by creating websites where sometimes company-customer interaction can be conducted. Heineken has its own state of the art website (Heineken, 2005) where it introduces to the world the many products and services of the company. Place or Distribution The distribution or place variable involves warehousing, transportation and service. The firm, or the manager, should be able to provide the product to the customers in the quantities desired and to make the transport and inventory as low as possible. The marketing manager has to have a close collaboration with wholesalers and retailers to be able to provide the necessary inventory control. The Global Firm Heineken The company strategy is founded on a marketing strategy known as SWAB, or ‘sell what people actually buy. There are two other strategies Heineken has used, and these are: SWYG or ‘sell what you have got’, and GLOB or ‘sell the same thing globally’ (Doo le and Lowe, 2008, p. 278) Product As stated in the Introduction, Heineken is a global product of a global organization. The brand speaks for itself; the product is one of a kind expertly brewed beer. Heineken beer has long been the company product since its founding on June 30, 1863 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken. (Heineken, 2005) Over time, Heineken product has evolved. The company prides itself on a combination of local and international brands but the base is certainly Heineken. The growth of the brand and the company is attributed to an effective and creative management. Management is centralized in order to achieve an effective operation, distribution and coverage. The product is said to be pure and natural, the ingredients come from high quality mixed malt. While Heineken is its flagship product, an equally important and valuable product is Amstel which has the same pure and natural quality ingredients. Heineken is ranked number one in countries such as Greece, The Netherlands, F rance, and all the other major countries and cities in Europe. Price It is enough to say that the price of a bottle of Heineken beer is competitive enough because it has stayed on top of all the other competitors. The price is affordable to all sectors of the UK drinking public and in 75 countries around the world. (Heineken, 2005) In price competition, Heineken management uses price to beat other competitors in the beer market. Price is a factor in the beer sector. Competitors in the beer market change their rice and the lowest is the most profitable. But Heineken does not change its price more often, unlike in other industries. And Heineken has its own market intelligence to know the price of its competitor. Blythe (2006, p. 446) says: ‘Price also has a strategic element, since price is commonly how products become positioned against other products in the market: undercutting competitors on price is a common way of competing.’ By maintaining a minimum price for a prod uct, a company can lead the market, although not in all circumstances. In so doing, a marketer puts some of his luck in the buyer’s charge, because he/she may withdraw the price cut. Price has different effects on the mind of the buyer. He may or may not take the bait. Jobber and Lancaster (2003, p. 561) state: ‘Because price has a psychological impact on customers, marketers can use it symbolically. By raising a price, they can emphasise the quality of a product and try to increase the status associated with its ownership. By lowering a price, they can emphasise a bargain and attract customers who go out of their way – spending extra time and effort – to save a small amount.’ Promotion Heineken uses technology (the Internet) in promotion and advertising. Heineken website is state-of-the-art, carefully planned and effective and SEO (search engine optimization) is effective; meaning when you search beer, UK beer, or Heineken, it goes out and you can go to the link. The new Heineken commercial found on YouTube is a hilarious piece of advertising that truly catches one’s imagination and gets you to what boys really want. While the girls go for shoes and clothes and all those stuffs, the boys go for – what else – Heineken beer. Place or Distribution Heineken Group is based in the UK but its scope of operations is international. Distributors are present everywhere, in many countries in Europe, the United States, and Asia. When it comes to volume and profitability, Heineken leads all the other brewers. Distributors come from almost all areas of the globe, spanning 70 countries in 125 breweries by year 2009 alone. This year and beyond, the company has ambitious plans to make its presence in areas where beer hasn’t reached. Conclusion The primary aim of this paper is to present the marketing concept in relation to our case study Heineken. Heineken is one of the most successful beer companies in the UK today . It has penetrated the global market and has maintained its lead in the competitive world of beers. When we enter a supermarket or a mall to look for items or products we need at home or in school, we see different prices attached to them. Products bear the brand and logo of the company that produce them. Price varies on every product, say for example, home appliance like television which has different prices; some are high, some are so low. The prices depend on the brand, type, or quality, etc. The more popular the product is, the higher the price, albeit there are high-quality products with lower prices. Marketing mix variables are applied to Heineken and we can say that Heineken is on the advantage in the competition. All marketing mix variables have played significant roles in the success of the competition. References Blythe, J., 2006. Principles practice of marketing. London: Thomson Learning. Doole, I. and Lowe, R., 2008. International marketing strategy: analysis, developm ent and implementation. London: Cengage Learning EMEA. Gobà ©, M., 2009. Emotional branding: the new paradigm for connecting brands to people. New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc. Heineken, 2005. Heineken history, profile. Web. Jobber, D. and Lancaster, G., 2003. Selling and sales management (sixth edition). England: Pearson Education Limited. Koller, T. et al., 2010. Valuation: measuring and managing the value of companies. United States of America: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L., 2011. Essentials of marketing management. USA and Canada: Routledge. Lancaster, G. and Reynolds, P., 2002. Marketing made simple. Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann Publications. Silk, A., 2006. What is marketing? United States of America: Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. Smith, P. and Taylor, J., 2004. Marketing communications: an integrated approach 4th Ed. United Kingdom: Kogan Page Limited. YouTube, n.d. Heineken commercial on YouTube. Web. This essay on Heineken: A Company and a Brand was written and submitted by user Kaylynn C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Supporting people with long term health conditions

Supporting people with long term health conditions This report reflects on the care needs of 67 year old Kingsley, at 55 he was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes then at 65 Kingsley suffered a stroke. After a lengthy stay in hospital he was moved to a nursing home where he currently lives, he is not happy in the nursing home and wishes to be discharged and return home to the care of his wife. He displays his unhappiness to care staff with bouts of anger and frustration. He has a social worker assigned to his case who is currently undecided if Kingsley should return home to his wife, he questions the layout of the home and his wifes ability to cope with Kingsleys care needs. Kingsley and his wife have some difficult decisions to make and should be able to discuss these with the social worker as these will have a fundamental impact on where he lives as this will be instrumental to his wellbeing. Living with a long term health condition can have its challenges when receiving health care, its paramount that a care user receives the correct level of support and information available. A psycho sociological perspective offers a holistic approach which addresses an individuals needs and an anthropological perspective which offers a biological study of the human being. A psycho sociological perspective addresses an individuals psychological health and wellbeing needs which are individual to functioning within human society. This perspective highlights that factors such as age, gender, environmental living conditions and the individual differences that people face are to be considered in health needs and care issues. A psycho-social approach to public health aims to incorporate the environment which will address the health of groups of people by social context, social class, location and how accessible they are to local resources. In the past this has been referred to as the social model of health (K217, Learning Guide 2, p43). The structure of the social model of health aims to make health services more affective, accessible and acceptable to individuals. The components are as follows (K217, Learning Guide 2, p43). To acknowledge the influence that health has on political, economic, social, psychological, cultural and environmental factors and also biological factors. To improve health a focus must be placed on the socio-economic environment. To achieve community participation with shared decision making between lay people and practitioners. Health services to collaborate with other government agencies and sectors. Commitment to equity and accountability in health. The use of evidence which is qualitative and quantitative. The concept of this perspective is that the focus of social causes are linked to illness rather genetics. If the social causes which are causing a detrimental effect on health are addressed then a better quality of life and sense of wellbeing are to be achieved. In Kingsley case he is not socially active because of the environment he is currently living in, which is restricting him from participating in any social networks, which gives the practitioners power over him so he is then not part of the decision making regarding his wellbeing. Holism perspective The practice of holism is to recognise that each persons needs are unique to ones own identity. It acknowledges that focus is to be given to lifestyles and choices which have an impact on health and illness. The approach links all aspects of a persons physical, mental and emotional state to create a composition of a state of health and illness. The approach of a biomedical perspective will address medical conditions with a biological, anatomy, and a physiology view but ignores an individuals needs, as a holism approach would address the individuals needs which would have an effect on lifestyles and choices. So a Biomedical perspective has a place in some health conditions such as Diabetes which will address the medical needs such as insulin. But a holistic approach will identify the whole person combining their mind, body and spirit. This can be helpful for practitioners to understand how a Diabetic may be feeling with effects of injecting insulin, are they coping with self management of the condition. The whole person approach to care is to give service users the ability to move on from the professional dominance in the doctor centred model and to achieve the self care model which is to encourage independence. (K217, Learning Guide 2, p42). Discussion. The contribution of theory. Do theories have a place in health and social care services and how can they help people like Kingsley who is suffering from a long term health condition. Theories in health and social care are developed from two perspectives Good research and medical engagements which results in theories from evidence. Generalised practice and an understanding of experience within a profession, these theorises are developed from practical experiences. Theories in understanding long term health conditions can be found in two perspectives bio medical and the social model of health. The bio medical approach is that the body functions normally but when things go wrong a specialist can repair the body; its focus is that biological problems can be addressed with medicine. The social model of health recognises biological factors but also includes the recognition of the influence of health being a matter of psychological and social addressing the wellbeing of an individual. If just a bio medical approach to theory was taken of Kingsleys situation he would have been diagnosed with two long term health conditions a stroke and type two diabetes by a practitioner then undergone biological treatment in hospital, were tests were taken and symptoms were controlled with medication. He is now living with two conditions controlled by medication. Bio medical may adapt mechanical metaphors which presume that a practitioners approach is to be an engineer and to fix what is malfunctioning with medication (K219, leaning guide 1, p36). The N.H.S. point out that a stroke is a medical emergency and should be diagnosed as soon as possible this would be in a bio medical environment. A bio medical view would be taken to determine the emergency treatment needed and also for after care with medication, therapists, physiotherapist and G.Ps. The N.H.S also highlight that the social model of health should be incorporated into a patients social care needs social workers would ass ess a patient and their carers needs and offer services such as meals on wheels and home care services (N.H.S. 2011). A purely social view of theory to long term health conditions would offer Kingsley and his with sociological support in dealing with his conditions addressing needs for his wellbeing. Kingsley has experienced a change to his identity, because of his illness he feels he can no longer contribute in society. Kingsleys illness has made it impossible for him to work so he now relies on the welfare benefit system so his identity has changed from a working man providing for his family to the sick role. The sick role can be identified when an ill person becomes exempt from a social role of responsibilities examples are because of illness, a sick person will not get better without being taken care of and the sick person will want to overcome illness and should be obligated to seek the correct professional help to deal with an illness (Parsons, 1951, p.294). This theory of the sick role has an element of social care and bio medical, society will address an ill persons needs with benefits and c are issues and a biological factor will be present with medication. What can be learnt from research and practice guidelines? Research show that suffers from a long term health condition such as a stroke may face physical disabilities and suffer from social exclusion which can lead to spoiled identities. The Stroke Association commits approximately two and a half million pounds per year in to research of stroke prevention and treatment .Two key achievements are (The Stroke Association 2011). Staying physically fit after 40 cuts risk of a stroke. People who are physically fit after the age of 40 can lower their risk of stroke by as much as 50 percent, compared to people who arent as physically fit (The Stroke Association 2011). The benefit of occupational therapy for stroke care home residents. A recent study funded by the Stroke Association has shown how beneficial even a small amount of occupational therapy can be to residents in care homes who have had a stroke. The study, carried out is extremely significant as the care home population is an understudied and extremely vulnerable group (The stroke Association 2011). The research suggests that prevention can reduce the risk of a stroke and that life style changes and rehabilitation will help with the recovery process, learning to deal with the effects that the stroke has had on them and learning to adapt to the limitations caused by stroke. Rehabilitation would also address the need for any support in dealing with social, emotional and practical issues. A government report on long term health conditions and self care (Your health, your way, 2009) is aimed at promoting discussion between health and social care professionals and people with long term health conditions, it addresses what options, support and information are available for health care users who wish to self care. The N.H.S. and social services want to encourage people with long term health conditions to self care, its shared aims and values for the transformation are to ensure that service users and their carers are not discriminated because of illness or disability and are supported to be able to: Live independently and be able to sustain a family unit, which will avoid children taken on inappropriate caring roles. To stay healthy and to be able to recover quickly from illness. The ability to exercise control over their own life and if appropriate the lives of family members. To participate economically and socially as active and equal citizens. Have the best quality of life, irrespective of illness or disability and retaining respect and dignity. (Your health, your way, 2009, p.4) Self care is build around a holistic process that places the service user at the centre of their own care but also recognising that different issues can impact on an individuals health and wellbeing so the process is supportive, individual, flexible and non-judgemental, the focus is solely on enabling the individual to achieve the outcomes that they want for themselves. People who use services completed a survey prior the transition to self care and after the changes had occurred the findings are. (Your health, your way, 2009) (Your health, your way, 2009) The results show how being empowered to take a more active role in health and well-being can improve quality of life. People who are living with a long term condition can benefit enormously from being supported to self care. They can live longer, have less pain, anxiety, depression and fatigue, have a better quality of life and be more active and independent (Your health, your way, 2009, p.6). Theory and practice. The social model of disability (K217, Learning Guide 6, p43) plays a significant part in a care service users life, such as Kingsley. This theory accepts that people will experience differences in life because of health issues such as stroke and diabetes, but questions that the difference is the problem when society does not adapt to such differences. The theory was introduced in the 1970s when disabled activists debated that society is the problem that faced disabled people not the individuals disability. This approach has a commitment to improving the lives of disabled people, by promoting social inclusion and removing the barriers which oppress disabled people (Tom Shakespeare, 2006, p 9). The biomedical paradigm ignores the differences between individuals and is criticised for overlooking social influences which have an effect to health care (K217, Learning Guide 2, p40). This is clear in the case of Kingsley; he has received biomedical treatment in the past for type 2 diabetes and now for a stroke from medical practitioners. Kingsley is now experiencing differences in life to an able bodied person as well as a change to his identity to being disabled because he cannot walk or use his right hand without being aided. The nursing home were Kingsley now lives accepts his disabilities and provides care for him such as assistance to walk and use his right hand. Two people assist Kingsley to get out of bed, shower and dress him. The environment is restricting his independence and making him disabled relying on assistance and there are no aids he can use himself which would give him control of his care. Empowering people who use services (K217, Learning Guide 10, pp28-34) is a theory which would allow Kingsley to become involved in his health care needs. The focus of the theory is the concern regarding the need for people to participate in their health care needs, and that empowerment will encourage them to use services and empower them to participate within them. People need to be encouraged to use health care services but also need to empower themselves to participate within a service. Health and social care services encourage users to become empowered; this can be with support groups with people who share similar experiences (Diabetes NHS, 2011). Key factors of the theory are that power and control should be equally divided between service provider and user, several options will be available to the user which there will have knowledge on, information supplied to assist in making decisions and if the user is dissatisfied with the system has the option to decline any further use of the system and make a complaint. Involving people who use health and social care services with empowerment gives them achievement by (K217, Learning Guide 10, p30). Having control and being engaged with services. Equal share of power with practitioners. The contribution of planning individual services and the development of good practice. Including all members of society. Empowerments goal is to involve participation at all levels in care services allowing users to have a say and to be engaged in their care needs working with practitioners to satisfy care needs. Empowerment is a way of equalising the distribution of power between users of services and practitioners (Tuner, MacKian, Woodthorpe, 2010, quoted in Learning guide 10, p.30). Kingsleys care needs are being dictated to him by the care home and his social worker if he was to be empowered to use care services and was to empower to participate in services he may be more actively contented with his care needs. Conclusions and recommendations Who cares for Kingsley and where he receives care are now important decisions to make. The decisions will influence his care needs and his future wellbeing. This report highlights the concerns that people who have long term health conditions face with care needs and the services that provide care. Clearly when a person suffers from an illness such as a stroke or diabetes an emergency response for care is received from a medical practitioner who will offer a biomedical diagnoses and if needed medical treatment and medication. As was the treatment Kingsley received, the next phase in the care process is how after care support and treatment is provided for people with a long term health condition. Kingsleys individual care needs have not been addressed; he may be adequately receiving biomedical care in the nursing home and his basic fundamental needs for living such as shelter, food and warmth are being provided his individual needs are not being considered. Kingsley wishes to return home to the care of his wife, a psycho sociological perspective will identify that his individual psychological health and wellbeing in society is not being fulfilled. The care home environment is restricting him from participating in main stream society; he cannot be active within society because he has no access to social networks. This will be a fundamental reason for his bouts of anger and frustration as before his illness he was social active and provided for his family. Kingsleys care needs are unique to his new identity as a disabled person with a long term health condition, along with a psycho sociological perspective a holistic approach will help to identify the impact this is having on his health, lifestyle and wellbeing. The social worker assigned to Kingsley is concerned that his wife would not be able to cope with his care needs, one option is to recognise what difficulties in society will be restricting Kingsley because of his disability (The social model of disability). The care home is disabling Kingsley because of its lack of practices and environment. If the social worker was to work with Kingsley and his wife to identify the support needed to provide a self care package such as direct payments (K217, Learning Guide 10, p29) this would allow them to be independently in control over which services they use. Allowing them to live independently as a family and able to participate economically within society.

Kant’s Views on Space and Time Essay

In his Critique of Pure Reason, Immanuel Kant wrote about the science of the transcendental aesthetic in which he argues that space and time exist as a priori intuitions in the human mind. Space and time, for Kant, are the pure forms of intuition that order our empirical intuitions or sensations and allow us to have them. Thus, the essence of his view in this regard is that space and time are subjective human conventions that our mind brings to the realm of experience. There is one argument of Kant’s for space being a pure intuition in particular that I find compelling. Essentially, Kant says that empiricists advocate that the concepts of space and time are derived from our sense experience. Kant argues however, that it would be impossible for space and time to be concepts derived from sense experience because of the fact that all of our sensory experience is already ordered spatially. Kant poses that there exists, a noumena other than phenomena. Reality can either be the empirical/phenomenal world, or the non-empirical noumenal world, or they could be both. The noumena may somehow house or emanate the manythat is in our minds in order to perceive empirical space and time. Kant points out that we can simultaneously view both the empirical reality of space as well as the transcendental ideality. As far as a whole or one whole, Kant posits that we cannot successfully conceive of the whole or entire entity of time, or space because it is supposed to be infinite as, in never-ending and formless. I can show you the finite shape or form of an object, whether felt, heard, felt, tasted, or shown, but I cannot successfully show you the shape or form of either space or time itself, only the objects and events that reside within them. Kant points out that we dream, yet dreams are not empirically spatial. We can only say, I had a dream at such and such a time, yet we cannot go there, as in going to an actual physical place, so dreams are only temporal. Yet, dreams are still part of reality. The same applies for time and space.

Recruitment and Selection

What factor should be taken into account to determine the most appropriate recruitment and selection methods? Discuss how process of interviewing can be improved in organisation to strengthen the validity and reliability of the method. In the era of globalisation and fast changing business conditions, organisations are looking for effective management and employee recruitment and selection. The current situation demands a complete strategic approach to HRM. Therefore it is important to look at the traditional methods and modern approach in the recruitment and selection process. Growing evidence suggests that employee selection and recruitment involves accuracy and predictability in order to achieve better talent management. While recruiting candidate’s organisation need to adapt right selection method to get right candidates for the right post. This warrants a thorough analysis of vacancies, job description, job analysis, accurate selection method, interviewing techniques to recruit right candidates. In the recruitment and selection and selection process interview method is considered to be the most popular method in ever changing times due its accuracy, reliability, validity and convenience. While looking at the benefit and risks of interview method benefit outweigh the risks. A complete analysis of contemporary approach and modern approach in the recruitment and selection process would be an ideal approach. Recruitment and selection process are same process it can be consider separately. A system approach to recruitment and selection is base on the systems has inputs, processing unit and output. Here inputs are candidates, the processing unit consists of different method and output is effective candidates. The source of recruitment takes place within the labour market. This includes a mass of available people who have the skills to fill open position. Sources of recruitment depend upon the availability of the right kind of people in the local labour market as well as on the nature of the position to be filled. An organisation ability to recruit employees often hinges as much on the organisation reputation and the attractiveness of its job offer (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2006; 65). Human resources seek and demand for the personal qualities and skills among the personal candidates human resources plans in the organisation to select the people within the organisation. HRP looks to attract people with right skills and experience. They are trained to adopt the change in environmental. The design of a job such as introducing more flexible working system. Flexible working system reduce costs, increased productivity and competitiveness, improved customer service, improve ability to recruit and staff improved motivation and commitment (Cornelius, 2007; 37). â€Å"Human resource planning is a process for identifying an organisation current and future human resource requirement, developing and implementing plans to meet these requirements and monitoring their overall effectiveness†. The general process of the human resources planning is basis step to recruitment to avoid future problems, wastage and through planning training program to asses not only in the quantity also involved quality skills in the organisation. Human resource planning is a process with demand and supply and good plan lead to understand the future changes, demographic, social changes in the organisation human resource plans plays important role in the organisation (Beard well & Calydon, 2007; 153). Human resources planning (Torrington et al 2002) is termed as â€Å"Man Power Planning†. Human resourcing planning is related to recruitment and selection and retaing of an employee. It is one of the most important function in organisation human resource department normally has primary responsibilities for recruitment and selection of qualified employee. The purpose of recruitment and selection process is to achieve goals by appointing right person at the right job. Armstrong (2005) says that traditional HRP to reflect aims more appropriate for contemporary circumstances. Strategic planning requires to the social economic, political and technological how the organisation is processing. The internal circumstances are strength and weakness; external circumstances are threat and opportunities. Resourcing strategy is also value statement. The aim of the strategy achieve the goal in organisation (Beard well & Calydon, 2007; 173). Scenario planning is used to find the demand and forecast of the organisation. In the organisation HRP is responsible to senior management needs. The objectives of these units are to find demand for human resources in various departments. Demand is estimated with quality and quantity of human resources need. In this several method of forecasting in regular uses like technical and non-technical methods we can analysis internal and external environment (Beardwell & Calydon, 2007; 174). Recruitment can be defined as the process of locating identifying and attractive prospective and capable employees to the organisation. Before the employees can be recruited the manager must have a clear idea about the activities and responsibility required in the job being filled. Therefore job analysis is an early step in recruitment process the accuracy of the individual specification and of all the subsequent stages in selection will depend on the quality of the job analysis. A meeting between the person responsible for selection and the head of the people who will fit it and a time for selection based on the urgency with which the vacancy has be filled up (Braton & Gold, 2003; 231). Once the job description has been determined and accompanying hiring or person specification is developed. Hiring or person specification defines as the education, experience skills that an individual should have in order to perform effectively in the position. The characteristics specified should be relevant only those which or failure in the job should be specified and independent. Any over lapping elements should be avoided and assessable. The attributes that can be assessed with the selection tools available should be included (Cornelius, 2007; 39). Job specification includes knowledge, skills, attitudes, interests, specific qualifications. Job specification is main function in the management of employee at work. Analysis that during the selection process insufficient level of knowledge necessary for effective performance of the person (Weddle; 2008). The various selection techniques are carried in the selection process. For example Screening application forms are wealth of information and should be used wisely. It should be interpreted correctly. The primary objective would be to eliminate failing to meet minimum, qualifying requirements. Work sampling- It is an effort to create a miniature replica of a job. The applicants demonstrate that they possess the necessary skills by actually doing the tasks. Assessment centre- In assessment centres, line executives, supervisors and qualified psychologists evaluate candidates as they go through two or four days of exercises that stimulate real problems that the candidates are likely to encounter on the job. Psychological test- These tests are considered extremely beneficial. They can, however can be easily misused and misinterpreted by untrained people. Good tests are useful in the circumstances because they can provide objective measures of people’s abilities. These tests are a most sophisticated tool for measuring human characteristics tool for measuring human characteristics and are unbiased as compared to other tests and are therefore extensively used in selection decision (Torrington and Hall, 1998; 228). Some psychological tests are, Intelligence tests- Certain intelligence tests that are used now a day to measure the learning capacities of the candidates (Binet simson test and Thurstone tests). MATRIX (Management Trial Exercise) designed by proctor and gamble. CAT (Clerical Aptitude Test) it is to assess vocabulary, spelling, arithmetical ability, details checking. PAT (Pilot Aptitude Test)- It is to assess coordination between hands and feet movements. Computer Aptitude Test- It is to assess power of reasoning and analysis. Interest tests- These tests are designed to find the interest of an applicant in the job he has applied for. Two of the most widely used tests are as follows, Strong vocational interest blank- In the test the applicant is asked whether he likes, dislikes or is indifferent to many examples of occupations, amusements, peculiarities of people and particular activities. The answers given are compared with the answers earlier given by successful people in specific professions and occupations. Kuder preference record- A questionnaire tests the interest in mechanical, scientific, clerical, social service, computation, persuasive, artistic, literary and musical abilities. Personality tests- This is of great important and should be conducted for all posts. Individuals possessing intelligence, aptitude and experience for certain job have often been found unsuccessful because of their inability to get along with others. Some of the personality tests are given below, Thematic apperception test (TAT)- this is one of the most popular projective tests in which the candidate is shown a series of pictures, one at a time and asked to write a story for each of the pictures. Rorschach inkblot test- In this test the candidates are asked to organise unstructured inkblots into meaningful concepts. An integrated picture of the candidate’s personality is then formulated. Interview is designed to probe into areas that cannot be addressed by the application form or tests. These areas usually consist of assessing candidate’s motivation, ability to work under stress, inter-personal skills and ability to fit-in the organisation. The use of the interview in selecting executives makes sense whereas for lower level jobs appear questionable (Nieto, 2006; 125). Finally selection decision will be probably be three or four candidates; it is unlikely that any of the three or four remaining applicants meet the person specification in every way. The personnel specialist together with line management will now have to depend on management judgment. Labour turnover can be both positive and negative it is a measure to find the rate of change in an organisation. Cost of waste according to Marcose et al (1999) if the employees have not required skills or knowledge in the particular fields the wastage will be high. There are two types of labour market internal and external market. Internal market refers to operation runs inside the organisations like labour turnover, work force, and profile and cohort analysis. Interview is more popular method of selecting the person for jobs (Torrington et al 2002; 242) interview is one of the in disposable and objective assessment technique. Interview method seems to be most acceptable in the selection process due to its accuracy for any kind of job. Reasons for its accuracy and predictability can be stated due to its flexibility and accuracy. The change of failure of these methods is rare because selection of question and interaction with candidates during interview process enables the interviewer to select the right candidates on the basis of face to face interaction. Candidates are evaluated on the possible approach to the given situation these methods perhaps helps to predict the suitability of particular candidates for a given role or job. It has been observed that the interviewing technique in selection process helps to analysis communication skills of a candidate’s body language, enthusiasm and commitment level for a particular job. Hence interview method attains the top position in the pyramid of selection process due to its accuracy and predictable (Tyson & York, 2000; 125). The interview method can be more reliable in the process of selecting candidates. The key attributes of reliability could be the right selection method maintaining consistency regardless of environment more importantly interviewers are will equipped and trained to conduct interviews. By and by enlarge more than one interviewer conducts interview to arrive at accurate are select right candidates (Mc Keen & Beech, 2002; 67). Interview method can be considered to the reliable because the questions asked during the interviewers are well structured and prepare hence this can be more reliable. The validity of interview method can be justified by evaluating the candidates knowledge level for the define job. For example an interviewer can ask to define the key element required to accomplish a particular task. The interviewers are conducted after through job analysis by the interviewer. This kind of preparation helps the interviewer to conduct interview in a structured manner and minimise the chance of errors. (Werick; 2008). Looking into the interview process and its validity and reliability, it can be best concluded that amongst the various selection methods available for the employer, interview method seems to be more accurate, predictable and also flexible. The theoretical basis of interviewing methods like system approach and contemporary approach supports the current practices of interviewing techniques to achieve better outcome in terms of reliability and validity. The key attributes could be broad structure, measurability of candidate’s fitment for a particular job and his/her overall capability to execute the assigned task. Very importantly interview method helps organisation to leverage the pool of talent to fit in a particular job function more accurately. This helps the organisation to achieve better performance and productivity not only in the short run but also in the long run. Hence, it can be concluded that interview method is the most suitable method for selecting the right candidate for the right job with more accuracy and predictability. REFERENCES Beardwell, J & Claydon, J (2007). Human resource management, a contemporary approach; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Bratton, J & Gold, J (2003). _Human resource management theory and practise (3rd ed. )_; United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Corbridge, M & Pilbeam, S (1998). Employment resourcing; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Cornelius, N (2001). Human resource management, a managerial perspective (2nd ed. ); London: Thomson learning. Maund, L (2001). An introduction to the human resource management, theory and practice; United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Mckeen, E & Beech, N (2002). Human resource management a concise analysis; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Nieto, L. M (2006). An introduction to human resource management, an introduction approach; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pilbeam, S & Corbridge, M (2006). People resourcing, contemporary HRM in practice; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Torrington, D & Hall, L (1998). Human resource management; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Werick, K. (2008). ‘The perfect interview’. _HR Magazine_, 53(4), 85-88. Weddle, P. (2008). ‘Developing a positive recruitment Recruitment and Selection What factor should be taken into account to determine the most appropriate recruitment and selection methods? Discuss how process of interviewing can be improved in organisation to strengthen the validity and reliability of the method. In the era of globalisation and fast changing business conditions, organisations are looking for effective management and employee recruitment and selection. The current situation demands a complete strategic approach to HRM. Therefore it is important to look at the traditional methods and modern approach in the recruitment and selection process. Growing evidence suggests that employee selection and recruitment involves accuracy and predictability in order to achieve better talent management. While recruiting candidate’s organisation need to adapt right selection method to get right candidates for the right post. This warrants a thorough analysis of vacancies, job description, job analysis, accurate selection method, interviewing techniques to recruit right candidates. In the recruitment and selection and selection process interview method is considered to be the most popular method in ever changing times due its accuracy, reliability, validity and convenience. While looking at the benefit and risks of interview method benefit outweigh the risks. A complete analysis of contemporary approach and modern approach in the recruitment and selection process would be an ideal approach. Recruitment and selection process are same process it can be consider separately. A system approach to recruitment and selection is base on the systems has inputs, processing unit and output. Here inputs are candidates, the processing unit consists of different method and output is effective candidates. The source of recruitment takes place within the labour market. This includes a mass of available people who have the skills to fill open position. Sources of recruitment depend upon the availability of the right kind of people in the local labour market as well as on the nature of the position to be filled. An organisation ability to recruit employees often hinges as much on the organisation reputation and the attractiveness of its job offer (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2006; 65). Human resources seek and demand for the personal qualities and skills among the personal candidates human resources plans in the organisation to select the people within the organisation. HRP looks to attract people with right skills and experience. They are trained to adopt the change in environmental. The design of a job such as introducing more flexible working system. Flexible working system reduce costs, increased productivity and competitiveness, improved customer service, improve ability to recruit and staff improved motivation and commitment (Cornelius, 2007; 37). â€Å"Human resource planning is a process for identifying an organisation current and future human resource requirement, developing and implementing plans to meet these requirements and monitoring their overall effectiveness†. The general process of the human resources planning is basis step to recruitment to avoid future problems, wastage and through planning training program to asses not only in the quantity also involved quality skills in the organisation. Human resource planning is a process with demand and supply and good plan lead to understand the future changes, demographic, social changes in the organisation human resource plans plays important role in the organisation (Beard well & Calydon, 2007; 153). Human resources planning (Torrington et al 2002) is termed as â€Å"Man Power Planning†. Human resourcing planning is related to recruitment and selection and retaing of an employee. It is one of the most important function in organisation human resource department normally has primary responsibilities for recruitment and selection of qualified employee. The purpose of recruitment and selection process is to achieve goals by appointing right person at the right job. Armstrong (2005) says that traditional HRP to reflect aims more appropriate for contemporary circumstances. Strategic planning requires to the social economic, political and technological how the organisation is processing. The internal circumstances are strength and weakness; external circumstances are threat and opportunities. Resourcing strategy is also value statement. The aim of the strategy achieve the goal in organisation (Beard well & Calydon, 2007; 173). Scenario planning is used to find the demand and forecast of the organisation. In the organisation HRP is responsible to senior management needs. The objectives of these units are to find demand for human resources in various departments. Demand is estimated with quality and quantity of human resources need. In this several method of forecasting in regular uses like technical and non-technical methods we can analysis internal and external environment (Beardwell & Calydon, 2007; 174). Recruitment can be defined as the process of locating identifying and attractive prospective and capable employees to the organisation. Before the employees can be recruited the manager must have a clear idea about the activities and responsibility required in the job being filled. Therefore job analysis is an early step in recruitment process the accuracy of the individual specification and of all the subsequent stages in selection will depend on the quality of the job analysis. A meeting between the person responsible for selection and the head of the people who will fit it and a time for selection based on the urgency with which the vacancy has be filled up (Braton & Gold, 2003; 231). Once the job description has been determined and accompanying hiring or person specification is developed. Hiring or person specification defines as the education, experience skills that an individual should have in order to perform effectively in the position. The characteristics specified should be relevant only those which or failure in the job should be specified and independent. Any over lapping elements should be avoided and assessable. The attributes that can be assessed with the selection tools available should be included (Cornelius, 2007; 39). Job specification includes knowledge, skills, attitudes, interests, specific qualifications. Job specification is main function in the management of employee at work. Analysis that during the selection process insufficient level of knowledge necessary for effective performance of the person (Weddle; 2008). The various selection techniques are carried in the selection process. For example Screening application forms are wealth of information and should be used wisely. It should be interpreted correctly. The primary objective would be to eliminate failing to meet minimum, qualifying requirements. Work sampling- It is an effort to create a miniature replica of a job. The applicants demonstrate that they possess the necessary skills by actually doing the tasks. Assessment centre- In assessment centres, line executives, supervisors and qualified psychologists evaluate candidates as they go through two or four days of exercises that stimulate real problems that the candidates are likely to encounter on the job. Psychological test- These tests are considered extremely beneficial. They can, however can be easily misused and misinterpreted by untrained people. Good tests are useful in the circumstances because they can provide objective measures of people’s abilities. These tests are a most sophisticated tool for measuring human characteristics tool for measuring human characteristics and are unbiased as compared to other tests and are therefore extensively used in selection decision (Torrington and Hall, 1998; 228). Some psychological tests are, Intelligence tests- Certain intelligence tests that are used now a day to measure the learning capacities of the candidates (Binet simson test and Thurstone tests). MATRIX (Management Trial Exercise) designed by proctor and gamble. CAT (Clerical Aptitude Test) it is to assess vocabulary, spelling, arithmetical ability, details checking. PAT (Pilot Aptitude Test)- It is to assess coordination between hands and feet movements. Computer Aptitude Test- It is to assess power of reasoning and analysis. Interest tests- These tests are designed to find the interest of an applicant in the job he has applied for. Two of the most widely used tests are as follows, Strong vocational interest blank- In the test the applicant is asked whether he likes, dislikes or is indifferent to many examples of occupations, amusements, peculiarities of people and particular activities. The answers given are compared with the answers earlier given by successful people in specific professions and occupations. Kuder preference record- A questionnaire tests the interest in mechanical, scientific, clerical, social service, computation, persuasive, artistic, literary and musical abilities. Personality tests- This is of great important and should be conducted for all posts. Individuals possessing intelligence, aptitude and experience for certain job have often been found unsuccessful because of their inability to get along with others. Some of the personality tests are given below, Thematic apperception test (TAT)- this is one of the most popular projective tests in which the candidate is shown a series of pictures, one at a time and asked to write a story for each of the pictures. Rorschach inkblot test- In this test the candidates are asked to organise unstructured inkblots into meaningful concepts. An integrated picture of the candidate’s personality is then formulated. Interview is designed to probe into areas that cannot be addressed by the application form or tests. These areas usually consist of assessing candidate’s motivation, ability to work under stress, inter-personal skills and ability to fit-in the organisation. The use of the interview in selecting executives makes sense whereas for lower level jobs appear questionable (Nieto, 2006; 125). Finally selection decision will be probably be three or four candidates; it is unlikely that any of the three or four remaining applicants meet the person specification in every way. The personnel specialist together with line management will now have to depend on management judgment. Labour turnover can be both positive and negative it is a measure to find the rate of change in an organisation. Cost of waste according to Marcose et al (1999) if the employees have not required skills or knowledge in the particular fields the wastage will be high. There are two types of labour market internal and external market. Internal market refers to operation runs inside the organisations like labour turnover, work force, and profile and cohort analysis. Interview is more popular method of selecting the person for jobs (Torrington et al 2002; 242) interview is one of the in disposable and objective assessment technique. Interview method seems to be most acceptable in the selection process due to its accuracy for any kind of job. Reasons for its accuracy and predictability can be stated due to its flexibility and accuracy. The change of failure of these methods is rare because selection of question and interaction with candidates during interview process enables the interviewer to select the right candidates on the basis of face to face interaction. Candidates are evaluated on the possible approach to the given situation these methods perhaps helps to predict the suitability of particular candidates for a given role or job. It has been observed that the interviewing technique in selection process helps to analysis communication skills of a candidate’s body language, enthusiasm and commitment level for a particular job. Hence interview method attains the top position in the pyramid of selection process due to its accuracy and predictable (Tyson & York, 2000; 125). The interview method can be more reliable in the process of selecting candidates. The key attributes of reliability could be the right selection method maintaining consistency regardless of environment more importantly interviewers are will equipped and trained to conduct interviews. By and by enlarge more than one interviewer conducts interview to arrive at accurate are select right candidates (Mc Keen & Beech, 2002; 67). Interview method can be considered to the reliable because the questions asked during the interviewers are well structured and prepare hence this can be more reliable. The validity of interview method can be justified by evaluating the candidates knowledge level for the define job. For example an interviewer can ask to define the key element required to accomplish a particular task. The interviewers are conducted after through job analysis by the interviewer. This kind of preparation helps the interviewer to conduct interview in a structured manner and minimise the chance of errors. (Werick; 2008). Looking into the interview process and its validity and reliability, it can be best concluded that amongst the various selection methods available for the employer, interview method seems to be more accurate, predictable and also flexible. The theoretical basis of interviewing methods like system approach and contemporary approach supports the current practices of interviewing techniques to achieve better outcome in terms of reliability and validity. The key attributes could be broad structure, measurability of candidate’s fitment for a particular job and his/her overall capability to execute the assigned task. Very importantly interview method helps organisation to leverage the pool of talent to fit in a particular job function more accurately. This helps the organisation to achieve better performance and productivity not only in the short run but also in the long run. Hence, it can be concluded that interview method is the most suitable method for selecting the right candidate for the right job with more accuracy and predictability. REFERENCES Beardwell, J & Claydon, J (2007). Human resource management, a contemporary approach; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Bratton, J & Gold, J (2003). _Human resource management theory and practise (3rd ed. )_; United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Corbridge, M & Pilbeam, S (1998). Employment resourcing; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Cornelius, N (2001). Human resource management, a managerial perspective (2nd ed. ); London: Thomson learning. Maund, L (2001). An introduction to the human resource management, theory and practice; United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Mckeen, E & Beech, N (2002). Human resource management a concise analysis; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Nieto, L. M (2006). An introduction to human resource management, an introduction approach; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pilbeam, S & Corbridge, M (2006). People resourcing, contemporary HRM in practice; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Torrington, D & Hall, L (1998). Human resource management; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Werick, K. (2008). ‘The perfect interview’. _HR Magazine_, 53(4), 85-88. Weddle, P. (2008). ‘Developing a positive recruitment Recruitment and Selection What factor should be taken into account to determine the most appropriate recruitment and selection methods? Discuss how process of interviewing can be improved in organisation to strengthen the validity and reliability of the method. In the era of globalisation and fast changing business conditions, organisations are looking for effective management and employee recruitment and selection. The current situation demands a complete strategic approach to HRM. Therefore it is important to look at the traditional methods and modern approach in the recruitment and selection process. Growing evidence suggests that employee selection and recruitment involves accuracy and predictability in order to achieve better talent management. While recruiting candidate’s organisation need to adapt right selection method to get right candidates for the right post. This warrants a thorough analysis of vacancies, job description, job analysis, accurate selection method, interviewing techniques to recruit right candidates. In the recruitment and selection and selection process interview method is considered to be the most popular method in ever changing times due its accuracy, reliability, validity and convenience. While looking at the benefit and risks of interview method benefit outweigh the risks. A complete analysis of contemporary approach and modern approach in the recruitment and selection process would be an ideal approach. Recruitment and selection process are same process it can be consider separately. A system approach to recruitment and selection is base on the systems has inputs, processing unit and output. Here inputs are candidates, the processing unit consists of different method and output is effective candidates. The source of recruitment takes place within the labour market. This includes a mass of available people who have the skills to fill open position. Sources of recruitment depend upon the availability of the right kind of people in the local labour market as well as on the nature of the position to be filled. An organisation ability to recruit employees often hinges as much on the organisation reputation and the attractiveness of its job offer (Pilbeam & Corbridge, 2006; 65). Human resources seek and demand for the personal qualities and skills among the personal candidates human resources plans in the organisation to select the people within the organisation. HRP looks to attract people with right skills and experience. They are trained to adopt the change in environmental. The design of a job such as introducing more flexible working system. Flexible working system reduce costs, increased productivity and competitiveness, improved customer service, improve ability to recruit and staff improved motivation and commitment (Cornelius, 2007; 37). â€Å"Human resource planning is a process for identifying an organisation current and future human resource requirement, developing and implementing plans to meet these requirements and monitoring their overall effectiveness†. The general process of the human resources planning is basis step to recruitment to avoid future problems, wastage and through planning training program to asses not only in the quantity also involved quality skills in the organisation. Human resource planning is a process with demand and supply and good plan lead to understand the future changes, demographic, social changes in the organisation human resource plans plays important role in the organisation (Beard well & Calydon, 2007; 153). Human resources planning (Torrington et al 2002) is termed as â€Å"Man Power Planning†. Human resourcing planning is related to recruitment and selection and retaing of an employee. It is one of the most important function in organisation human resource department normally has primary responsibilities for recruitment and selection of qualified employee. The purpose of recruitment and selection process is to achieve goals by appointing right person at the right job. Armstrong (2005) says that traditional HRP to reflect aims more appropriate for contemporary circumstances. Strategic planning requires to the social economic, political and technological how the organisation is processing. The internal circumstances are strength and weakness; external circumstances are threat and opportunities. Resourcing strategy is also value statement. The aim of the strategy achieve the goal in organisation (Beard well & Calydon, 2007; 173). Scenario planning is used to find the demand and forecast of the organisation. In the organisation HRP is responsible to senior management needs. The objectives of these units are to find demand for human resources in various departments. Demand is estimated with quality and quantity of human resources need. In this several method of forecasting in regular uses like technical and non-technical methods we can analysis internal and external environment (Beardwell & Calydon, 2007; 174). Recruitment can be defined as the process of locating identifying and attractive prospective and capable employees to the organisation. Before the employees can be recruited the manager must have a clear idea about the activities and responsibility required in the job being filled. Therefore job analysis is an early step in recruitment process the accuracy of the individual specification and of all the subsequent stages in selection will depend on the quality of the job analysis. A meeting between the person responsible for selection and the head of the people who will fit it and a time for selection based on the urgency with which the vacancy has be filled up (Braton & Gold, 2003; 231). Once the job description has been determined and accompanying hiring or person specification is developed. Hiring or person specification defines as the education, experience skills that an individual should have in order to perform effectively in the position. The characteristics specified should be relevant only those which or failure in the job should be specified and independent. Any over lapping elements should be avoided and assessable. The attributes that can be assessed with the selection tools available should be included (Cornelius, 2007; 39). Job specification includes knowledge, skills, attitudes, interests, specific qualifications. Job specification is main function in the management of employee at work. Analysis that during the selection process insufficient level of knowledge necessary for effective performance of the person (Weddle; 2008). The various selection techniques are carried in the selection process. For example Screening application forms are wealth of information and should be used wisely. It should be interpreted correctly. The primary objective would be to eliminate failing to meet minimum, qualifying requirements. Work sampling- It is an effort to create a miniature replica of a job. The applicants demonstrate that they possess the necessary skills by actually doing the tasks. Assessment centre- In assessment centres, line executives, supervisors and qualified psychologists evaluate candidates as they go through two or four days of exercises that stimulate real problems that the candidates are likely to encounter on the job. Psychological test- These tests are considered extremely beneficial. They can, however can be easily misused and misinterpreted by untrained people. Good tests are useful in the circumstances because they can provide objective measures of people’s abilities. These tests are a most sophisticated tool for measuring human characteristics tool for measuring human characteristics and are unbiased as compared to other tests and are therefore extensively used in selection decision (Torrington and Hall, 1998; 228). Some psychological tests are, Intelligence tests- Certain intelligence tests that are used now a day to measure the learning capacities of the candidates (Binet simson test and Thurstone tests). MATRIX (Management Trial Exercise) designed by proctor and gamble. CAT (Clerical Aptitude Test) it is to assess vocabulary, spelling, arithmetical ability, details checking. PAT (Pilot Aptitude Test)- It is to assess coordination between hands and feet movements. Computer Aptitude Test- It is to assess power of reasoning and analysis. Interest tests- These tests are designed to find the interest of an applicant in the job he has applied for. Two of the most widely used tests are as follows, Strong vocational interest blank- In the test the applicant is asked whether he likes, dislikes or is indifferent to many examples of occupations, amusements, peculiarities of people and particular activities. The answers given are compared with the answers earlier given by successful people in specific professions and occupations. Kuder preference record- A questionnaire tests the interest in mechanical, scientific, clerical, social service, computation, persuasive, artistic, literary and musical abilities. Personality tests- This is of great important and should be conducted for all posts. Individuals possessing intelligence, aptitude and experience for certain job have often been found unsuccessful because of their inability to get along with others. Some of the personality tests are given below, Thematic apperception test (TAT)- this is one of the most popular projective tests in which the candidate is shown a series of pictures, one at a time and asked to write a story for each of the pictures. Rorschach inkblot test- In this test the candidates are asked to organise unstructured inkblots into meaningful concepts. An integrated picture of the candidate’s personality is then formulated. Interview is designed to probe into areas that cannot be addressed by the application form or tests. These areas usually consist of assessing candidate’s motivation, ability to work under stress, inter-personal skills and ability to fit-in the organisation. The use of the interview in selecting executives makes sense whereas for lower level jobs appear questionable (Nieto, 2006; 125). Finally selection decision will be probably be three or four candidates; it is unlikely that any of the three or four remaining applicants meet the person specification in every way. The personnel specialist together with line management will now have to depend on management judgment. Labour turnover can be both positive and negative it is a measure to find the rate of change in an organisation. Cost of waste according to Marcose et al (1999) if the employees have not required skills or knowledge in the particular fields the wastage will be high. There are two types of labour market internal and external market. Internal market refers to operation runs inside the organisations like labour turnover, work force, and profile and cohort analysis. Interview is more popular method of selecting the person for jobs (Torrington et al 2002; 242) interview is one of the in disposable and objective assessment technique. Interview method seems to be most acceptable in the selection process due to its accuracy for any kind of job. Reasons for its accuracy and predictability can be stated due to its flexibility and accuracy. The change of failure of these methods is rare because selection of question and interaction with candidates during interview process enables the interviewer to select the right candidates on the basis of face to face interaction. Candidates are evaluated on the possible approach to the given situation these methods perhaps helps to predict the suitability of particular candidates for a given role or job. It has been observed that the interviewing technique in selection process helps to analysis communication skills of a candidate’s body language, enthusiasm and commitment level for a particular job. Hence interview method attains the top position in the pyramid of selection process due to its accuracy and predictable (Tyson & York, 2000; 125). The interview method can be more reliable in the process of selecting candidates. The key attributes of reliability could be the right selection method maintaining consistency regardless of environment more importantly interviewers are will equipped and trained to conduct interviews. By and by enlarge more than one interviewer conducts interview to arrive at accurate are select right candidates (Mc Keen & Beech, 2002; 67). Interview method can be considered to the reliable because the questions asked during the interviewers are well structured and prepare hence this can be more reliable. The validity of interview method can be justified by evaluating the candidates knowledge level for the define job. For example an interviewer can ask to define the key element required to accomplish a particular task. The interviewers are conducted after through job analysis by the interviewer. This kind of preparation helps the interviewer to conduct interview in a structured manner and minimise the chance of errors. (Werick; 2008). Looking into the interview process and its validity and reliability, it can be best concluded that amongst the various selection methods available for the employer, interview method seems to be more accurate, predictable and also flexible. The theoretical basis of interviewing methods like system approach and contemporary approach supports the current practices of interviewing techniques to achieve better outcome in terms of reliability and validity. The key attributes could be broad structure, measurability of candidate’s fitment for a particular job and his/her overall capability to execute the assigned task. Very importantly interview method helps organisation to leverage the pool of talent to fit in a particular job function more accurately. This helps the organisation to achieve better performance and productivity not only in the short run but also in the long run. Hence, it can be concluded that interview method is the most suitable method for selecting the right candidate for the right job with more accuracy and predictability. REFERENCES Beardwell, J & Claydon, J (2007). Human resource management, a contemporary approach; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Bratton, J & Gold, J (2003). _Human resource management theory and practise (3rd ed. )_; United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Corbridge, M & Pilbeam, S (1998). Employment resourcing; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Cornelius, N (2001). Human resource management, a managerial perspective (2nd ed. ); London: Thomson learning. Maund, L (2001). An introduction to the human resource management, theory and practice; United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. Mckeen, E & Beech, N (2002). Human resource management a concise analysis; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Nieto, L. M (2006). An introduction to human resource management, an introduction approach; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Pilbeam, S & Corbridge, M (2006). People resourcing, contemporary HRM in practice; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Torrington, D & Hall, L (1998). Human resource management; United Kingdom: prentice hall. Werick, K. (2008). ‘The perfect interview’. _HR Magazine_, 53(4), 85-88. Weddle, P. (2008). ‘Developing a positive recruitment